The Apartheid of Music in South Africa Essay - 709 Words

The question presented, concerning the South African apartheid and the music that was involved with the movements, debates whether the music came from the people’s desire to over come apartheid or if the music was a catalyst to the movement. As explained in the movie, the people used music for different aspects of the music, fundamentally a different song for every part of the movement. The music was a way in which the people could express themselves in a way that was noticed by their over rulers and which included all people taking part in the revolution. Apartheid essentially aimed at keeping non-white communities from thriving in any way, through racial segregation. Amandla! Focuses on the apartheid that took place in South Africa,†¦show more content†¦The songs offered an alternative to violence to lead the revolution. The music that came from the apartheid movements showed many similarities to sub-Saharan African music. As we covered in discussion, a majority of sub-Saharan music focused on giving all members equal parts in every song, in example not having a specific lead singer but having every singer sing the same part of the song. The songs also focused on giving people individual freedom in singing parts of the song. This freedom of singing either the chorus, backup pieces, or yodeling, etc. reflected the views of those in the revolution, they wanted their individual freedom and respected others’. This equal distribution of musical parts in sub-Saharan culture took away any socio-economic differences between individuals, which is what the apartheid movement aimed at removing. One movement that comes to mind when thinking of similar movements to that of the South African revolution and music is the Woodstock Music and Art Fair, which took place in New York, USA in mid August 1969 (3). Shortened to Woodstock, this movement aimed at the American involvement in the Vietnam war. Famous musical artists, such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and The Grateful Dead, led a peaceful musical concert along with 400,000 attendees (3) aimed at spreading awareness of the harm of the war and corruption in the government inShow MoreRelatedNkosi Sikelel Africa: A Song Made More Popular by the Governments Banning1336 Words   |  6 Pages The music from the Apartheid in South Africa was extremely important in the movement for freedom. At a time when there wasn’t much money for the Anti-Apartheid Movement, music became the most important weapon. The songs sung all over South Africa in resistance to the Apartheid intimidated the government more than weapons and violenc e could because of the powerful meaning behind each song that unified and strengthened the resistance. Artists all over South Africa wrote songs speaking out againstRead MoreThe Development of Jazz in South Africa1409 Words   |  6 PagesOn June 19, 1890 South Africans came into contact with African American music for the first time. This contact came when Orpheus McAdoo’s Virginia Jubilee Singers. Orpheus McAdoo, a graduate of Hampton Institute, now known as Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia joined five members of the original Fisk Jubilee Singers, an African American a capella group from Fisk University and began to tour places such as Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. When he returned to the U.S., he added four membersRead MoreThe Racial Of Apartheid And The Significant Historical Events Within The 40 Year Period1657 Words   |  7 Pagesat the racial system of apartheid in South Africa, the question of music must be discussed. The central debate among musicolo gists and ethnomusicologists is whether the music from black south Africans during this time was a result of the resistance movement against apartheid. The other side of the argument is that the music of this time and place catalyzed the movement itself and without an outlet like music the resistance would not have occurred. I believe that the music is a representation of whatRead MoreThe Impact of Music During Apartheid1530 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Music During Apartheid Amandla! A Revolution in Four-Part Harmony is a 2002 documentary film directed by Lee Hirsch that describes the struggle the black South Africans faced during apartheid. Activists and musicians discuss the days of apartheid. The film has a collection of musical performances, interviews, and historical footage. Amandla is a Zulu and Xhosa word that means power. It was a common rally word used in resistance to Apartheid. The black South Africans also used music to showRead MoreHistory Of Musical History, And Music Theory Of South Africa997 Words   |  4 PagesSara Dietrich Mr. Moore AMU3M January 6, 2015 South Africa This paper is going to talk about the history, musical history, and music theory of South Africa. The country is populated with 52.98 million people and the main religion is Christian. The country of South Africa is located on the southern most tip of the continent of Africa and covers 4% of the total landmass. It is bordered by Mozambique, Namibia, and Botswana. It is a very biodiverse country because of the Atlantic ocean flankingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Amandla 1363 Words   |  6 Pages Amandela! Throughout the film Amandla! A Revolution in Four-Part Harmony, black South Africans began converting their historical roots in music into a fight for freedom. As these oppressed individuals struggled for racial equality during the twentieth century, music classified as freedom songs emerged as the fight against the inhumane Apartheid intensified. These freedom songs, which are performed and played throughout the film, protest white supremacy and segregation using a combination of inspiringRead MoreSouth Africa Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesSouth Africa is a nation with a wonderful and varied culture. This country has been called â€Å"The Rainbow Nation†, a name that reflects the diversity of such amazing place. The different ethnic and cultural groups of the South Africa do, however, appreciate their own beliefs and customs. Many of these traditions, besides African culture, are influenced by European and Western heritage. The complex and diverse population of the cou ntry has made a strong impact to the various cultures. There areRead MoreThe Apartheid Has Not Have Happened1508 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve the music in the film would not have been produced if the apartheid had not have happened. The main issues that I will discuss is this essay is the reasoning that brought me to my position on this issue. I will also explain the apartheid system, give examples of the resistance movement, examine similarities to other protests music, and summarize the key points of the documentary. The apartheid was formed in 1948 when the National Party established segregation laws in South Africa. During myRead MoreThe Music Of The South African Anti Apartheid Movement1259 Words   |  6 PagesIndependence: The Role of Music in the South-African Anti-Apartheid Movement Andrew Fixler Timothy Rommen Music 050: Introduction to Music in Cultures 5/11/15 â€Å"Art is not a mirror held up to reality, but a hammer with which to shape it† (Bertold Brecht in Askew 2003: 633). Despite evolution across the globe and the continued development of societies and cultures, one entity has remained present throughout – music. Though manifested in various forms, music has and continues to playRead MoreApartheid in South Africa1088 Words   |  4 PagesMusic played a pivotal part in boosting the morale of those who fought for freedom against white domination. Music is define as an art that allows an individual/ group express emotions and conveys a story through rhythm, melody and harmony. Music allows communication to happen, to forms an emotional bond between the musician and listener through vulnerability. Music serves the purpose of creating connections and unifying a group of people that share common ground. With that being said, the role of

Language Analysis The Big Screens - 955 Words

The Big Screens Language is our ability to understand the systems of communication. Language helps shape how we perceive the world around us. Language can be used in various forms of text, speech and written communication to inform, engage and even persuade. The focus of this analysis however will be on the persuasive aspect of language. The use of language to persuade is interesting because it can unconsciously filters our view of reality. Terministic screen is a term attributed to Kenneth Burke which describes this concept of persuasive language. Terministic screens are also used to identify who we are and what we believe. Viola Davis’s Emmy Acceptance Speech uses elements of terministic screens to persuade her audience to create more opportunities on television for women of color. The use of terms impacts how we come to understand an act or person. As Burke sates terminology is a reflection of reality, by its very nature as terminology it must be a selection of reality; and to thi s extent it must function also as a deflection of reality.† (Terministic Screens, 45). A reflection of reality can be defined as our perception of reality what we believe is to be true. However, in the same sense we must also understand that our truth may not be what someone else believes. Nonetheless, the acts that we question are but a selection of reality. For example, in Viola Davis’s acceptance speech she starts off with a quote by Harriet Tubman. The quote reads In myShow MoreRelatedGendered Medi The Influence Of Media On Views Of Gender, By Julia T. Wood1405 Words   |  6 Pagespublished in Variety by Martha M. Lauzen and Jennifer S. Newsom (2014) they stated that â€Å"the lack of women on screen and behind the scenes is a big problem requiring big leadership and big solutions† (Lauzen, M., Newsom, J. 2014). They believe the industry is in need of â€Å"leaders† meaning â€Å"heroes† who are willing to take a step forward to increa se the percentage of women on and off screen. To put it another way, women are highly needed in television to represent an environment of equal opportunityRead MoreScene Analysis - The Big Lebowski1516 Words   |  7 Pages GE3401 – TB2 Exploring English Cinema Scene Analysis â€Å"Scattering Donny’s Ashes† Scene in The Big Lebowski (Joel and Ethan Coen, 1998) Student Name: Fan Ho Nga, Gloria Student ID: 52948216 â€Å"Scattering Donny’s Ashes† Scene in The Big Lebowski (Joel and Ethan Coen, 1998) The Big Lebowski (1998) by the Coen Brothers is no doubt a comedy film about friendships between three bowling buddies with differing personalities who met and stuck together as friends by choice in LosRead MoreChina Case Study881 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestment return. Hollywood model is a good example. 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This paper will look at two film that have been re-made since the 1 960’s, which provides an analysis of the concept of race and how political ideas and events of that timeRead MoreMy First Love Is Doing Business904 Words   |  4 Pagesand strategic case analysis with marketing tools like SWOT and Porter’s five force. In addition, with my supporting minor in psychology, I also gain a psychological perspective and deeply understand how customers are attracted to, and persuaded to, purchase merchandise as well as how companies build lasting relationships with those customers. Besides, after taking a Korean language course as an exchange student at the Yonsei Univrsity in Korea, I turned Korean into my third language, and became moreRead MoreCom/340 Week 5 Final Exam Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesCRITICISM a. is the analysis used to assess the effects of media on individuals b. should be based on well-reasoned arguments c. can be negative or positive d. all of the above 2. 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Shiseido in China Free Essays

Case- Shiseido: Channeling Cosmetics in China 1. Marketing and distribution channels for cosmetics products performed mainly transactional and logistical function. Distribution channels such as the voluntary specialty chain stores perform transactional function when they buy these cosmetic products from the manufacturer and sell them in their individual stores. We will write a custom essay sample on Shiseido in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now They share risk with the producer (Shiseido) as they stock merchandises in anticipation for sales. On the other hand, counters at departmental stores and door-to-door selling perform logistical function, whereby they gather, sort and disperse these cosmetic products at these specific counters. For example, some departmental stores may place all the cosmetics counters together on a single level/ specified area in order to serve its customers better. They can also store these products together at a single venue. Door-to-door selling brings the products directly to the consumers. Facilitating function can sometimes be performed in departmental stores as well, where they highlight the bestselling cosmetic brands/products through their own advertisements. Transactional function is generally more important than logistical function, as the former involves the exchange of value (transaction) of products and money, as well as the potential risk the intermediaries are taking up when they chose to sell these products. If the stock the intermediaries purchased is unsold, they suffer the loss and not the producer. Hence, this function involves tangible gains and losses of the intermediaries, which usually tend to value these aspects more. 2. Channel Length Channel Intensity Creation of the Aupres brand which was sold in 350 departmental stores in 2004 shows the approach of intensive distribution Shiseido undertook, Shiseido in China continued on this approach as it attempted to open specialty model stores for its own brands of cosmetic products (some imported from Japan- Shiseido UV White, and some locally produced brands such as WHITIA, ASPLIR) in China. This started in March 2004, which expanded to 800 stores by August 2005, and over 5000 stores by end-March in 2011 due to its success. Channel Type There are various channel types adopted by Shiseido in China. Generally, Shiseido in China is specialised and it initially focused on an exclusive group of consumers through the Aupres brand, which targeted top one percent of Chinese population. Additionally, Shiseido started to expand into medium-priced brands (Za, Pure Mild China, UNO, ASPLIR) and lower-priced brand, DQ, in 2010. It has now changed its target group towards the mass Chinese women and seeks to enhance their beauty and health. It generally segmented its range of products to suit the needs of the different consumer groups (looks for different price range of products). Under store retailing, Shiseido focuses on specialty stores through its voluntary specialty chain stores concept and selling its products through counters in departmental stores. In 2011, Shiseido has plans to commerce in e-commerce initiatives (non-store retailing) to expand existing points of contact with customers. In 2010, Shiseido also launched a website for Chinese Mail-Order market. Factors influencing channel design and strategy †¢Customer Number/Dispersion The wide range of customers’ purchasing power in China results in the dispersion of consumer segments. - More brands to target different marketing segments. †¢Market Practices/ Availability of Channels Large number of channels available in China – departmental stores and voluntary speciality stores. †¢Market Penetration and Coverage Initially selective (only in departmental stores) for high end products - Intensive distribution through specialty stores. Service Quality and Response †¢Resources and Profits Improvements to be made to channel design Current channel design: Indirect channels Marketer/ Producer - Retailers - Consumers Shiseido can implement other channel designs to broaden its availability to consumers - Implementing the multichannel marketing Shiseido can start a transactional website to in crease sales and target a different consumer group from those who buy its products from retail stores. Eg. Males who find it difficult to purchase cosmetics good from retail stores. Promotional website to provide information about Shiseido’s vast range of products will also be helpful in targeting cross-channel shoppers. 3. What retail strategy does Shiseido in China adopt? How is this strategy related to its segmentation, targeting and branding strategies? Shiseido in China adopted a voluntary specialty chain stores concept and departmental stores promotion as well as drugstores recently for its in-store retailing. This uses indirect channels to distribute its products to consumers. This relates to segmentation as departmental stores and specialty chain stores cater to different groups of consumers because of the different brands of products they carry. More high-end and exclusive products are available in departmental stores and specialty chain stores. Medium-priced products specially designed for the China consumer market can also be found in these stores. Lower-priced brand such as DQ, can be found in drugstores instead. Evidently, different brands cater to consumer groups with diverse affluence. Shiseido is using multi-branding strategy to reach out to its consumer market. How to cite Shiseido in China, Essay examples

Inflation faced by Malaysia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss the Causes, Effects and Ways to Control Inflation using appropriate Examples and Diagrams. Answer: Introduction Inflation is referred to as the increase in the level of the prices of the services that has an effect on the overall financial system and the economy. With the increase in the level of the prices, the unit of the prices will affect the monetary conditions by the attainment of the lesser products and services. The rate of inflation measures the increase in the percentage of the prices of the services and the goods in an annual manner. The level of the prices increases in a rapid manner at the time of the higher inflation. On the other hand, the level of the prices decreases in a rapid manner at the time of the lower inflation. Inflation in Malaysia The phenomena of the increase in the level of the prices in a steady manner with no limitations are termed as inflation. Malaysia had faced inflation in the years 1973 and 1974 and the same was a part of the major exceptional years in the history of the country[1]. The inflation level faced the rise in both the local and the international markets in the year 1973 and the major reason for the increase in the inflation level of the world was in the year 1973 and 1974 was the increase in the price of the oils. The major reason towards the increased prices was the food shortages and the lack of the raw materials that arose from the worse conditions in the weather and the significant upturn in the total demand[2]. In the span of the years 2003 to 2012, the country had faced the highest rates of inflation in the year 2008 that was 5.4 percent. The lowest inflation rate was seen in the year 2009 that was 0.6 percent. Malaysia faced the era of stability and normalization in the year 2011 that came on to 3.2 percent. The Department of the Statistics of Malaysia is one of the largest responsible bodies and department that has a responsibility of analyzing the rate of inflation in the country. In the year 2012, the department at 1.70 percent observed the average rate of inflation. In the year 2003, there was an indication of the rate of inflation being 1.1 percent. The slower growth led to the differences among the years 2003 and 2004 that was approximately 0.3 percent. The inflation rate had increased to 1.4 percent and then by 3 percent in year 2005. The rate of inflation increased in a rapid manner from the year 2004 to 2005 that showed a difference of about 1.6 percent and the same continued to the year 2006 that was around 3.6 percent in total. Factors contributing the trend of the inflation rates The inflation rate has the ability of representing the modifications in the trend of the inflation rates. The rate had been highest in 2008 from the period among 2003 to 2012 that was 5.4 percent. The trend was stabilized in the year 2011 at the rate of 3.2 percent. The major categories of the inflation include the cost pull, demand-pull and built-in inflation. The trend of the inflation had many factors that contained the aggregate supply and demands[3]. The examples of the increase in the inflation rate included the rate of interest, government prints and expenditures, cutting of the taxes and other regulations. The reasons also contained the increase in the Purchasing Power Parity and the enhancement in the prices of the rates of wages and the raw materials. The higher inflation was also due to the increase in the fuel prices that led to the decline in the supply of the services and the goods overall. The decline in the supply of the goods and services led to the increment in the prices of the other services and good that contributed to the higher prices i.e. inflation of the country. The situation showed that along with the increase in the fuel prices, there was an increase in the price of the household and other major goods and services provided by the country. The prices of the fuel is under the decision making process of the government and the authority must have a serious outlook on the decision of the increment in the prices of the fuel. The government must take major steps as the increment in fuel prices has two major impacts towards the customers[4]. The major impacts include the increment of the cost of the users of the cars and the increase in the overall cost of operations of performing business. The print of the government can lead to the increment in the supply of the money that can contribute towards the inflation. The rate of the inflation gets higher with the supplied money and thus, the quantity of the money can increase with the decline in the rates of interest of the government. The production of the goods can decline, as the demand of the same gets higher as the money gets higher in the market. The government has the proper control and power on the supply of the money and the offered money results in the increase in the rate of inflation that arises by the print of the bills. Thus, the money that is printed in form of new money provides allowance to the goods and services in being purchased devoid of the actual or true exchange. However, in situations where the supplied money is increased in the market, there will be an increase in the usage along with the increase in the investments. The increased money can lead to an increment in the opportunities of jobs and the same will lead to an encouragement of the growth and development of the total economy of Malaysia. The increase in the rates of the wages is also among the major contributions that lead to the increase in the price levels. The increase in the labor can increase the wages for a single unit of labor[5]. Further, the higher wages will contribute towards the decrease in the supply and thus, the increase in inflation rates. The higher Purchasing Power Parity is also among the major factors and reason that will contribute towards the rate of inflation. The PPP denotes an equivalent amount and value of money and the increase in the PPP will lead to an increase in the demand of the goods and services of the consumers. On the other hand, the offered goods and services in the market lower down with the increase in the PPP. The other factors include the increased expenditures of government and the cutting of the taxes from the authorities. The expenditures of government include the operating and the developmental expenditures[6]. The aggregate demand increases with the increase in the expenditures of the government and further the level of prices will increase in a continuous manner. Next, the cutting of the taxes can lead to an increase in the demand and the continual increment in the demand will increase the levels of the prices. Thus, the factors that enhance the total aggregate demands can lead to a situation of inflation. Thus, the government must take steps in overcoming the problems in the longer run by increasing the quantity of the money that would be quicker and faster than the actual rate of growth of the economy. Based on the graph above, it can be seen that the rate of inflation increases and thus the rate of interest rates increases. Further, the same induces among the people to save money for the reduction of the quantity of money for the reduction of the rate of inflation. Measures undertaken The Government of Australia has taken various measures and has to take many measures that must be undertaken towards combating the inflation in the country. The actions undertaken by the government mainly supports the small and the medium level enterprises in the market[7]. The small and the medium level enterprises have a major position in the country as they can boost up the economical growth of the country. One of the major factors is the demand-pull inflation that denotes the increase of the demand of the goods and services in the market. However, the supply of the goods remains same, as there are a limited number of suppliers that produce the goods and services. Thus, there will be a rise in the prices of the products and the services that will increase the demand in comparison to the supply that will make the customers pay more towards the satisfaction of the requirements and needs. Thus, the government authorities have taken numerous steps in the implementation of the Special Government Funds for the smaller and medium-leveled enterprises. The Special Government Funds have been designed towards developing and nurturing the smaller and medium enterprises in the country that could help increase the productiveness of the goods and services in the country. The government had undertaken the provision of RM31.8 billions in the year 2007 by providing around 105 Special Government Funds[8]. The central bank i.e. Bank Negara of Malaysia has also allocated funds to the small and medium leveled industries, food industries and the new entrepreneurs. The central bank of the country had also launched the Micro Enterprise Fund and the same help the new startup businesses and the entrepreneurs for the operations of their businesses. The Bank Negara had approved funds towards the helping of the micro leveled enterprises and around 241 micro leveled enterprises had gained benefits from such funds that had been launched by the banks. Even though, there are funds that had been provided by the government authorities, there are numerous micro and small and medium-leveled enterprises that must be under the concern. Thus, the same will lead to the increment of the productiveness of the country and solve the problems and issues related with the demand pull inflations[9]. The central bank of Malaysia that is the central bank of the country had taken under application the policies of monetary nature that are helpful towards the combating of the inflationary conditions. The deposit rate of interest is also among the best ways to combat against the inflation of the country and the Bank Negara is responsible towards setting up the most useful rate of interest for saving the money[10]. The Bank will require the adjustment of the deposit of the interest rates to the higher rate for encouraging the people in saving more money in banks and reducing the amount of quantity in the market that would prevent the decrement in the values[11]. Further, the increment in the rate of interest will discourage the investors for the borrowing of the money from banks that can reduce the consumption and investment in the market that can reduce the rate of inflation. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion it can be seen that the inflation rate had been increasing over the years in Malaysia and had been maintained by the government in the recent times. The major factors included the rise in the fuel prices, demand-pull situation and the increase in the rate of the wages of the labors of the organizations. The central bank of Malaysia that is the central bank of the country had taken under application the policies of monetary nature that are helpful towards the combating of the inflationary conditions. The deposit rate of interest is also among the best ways to combat against the inflation of the country and the Bank Negara is responsible towards setting up the most useful rate of interest for saving the money. Thus, the inflation of the country had been leveled in the recent times with the enforcement of such acts and regulations performed by the government authorities. Bibliography Abduh, M. and Idrees, Y., 2013. Determinants of Islamic banking profitability in Malaysia.Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,7(2), pp.204-210. Alam, A., Azam, M., Abdullah, A.B., Malik, I.A., Khan, A., Hamzah, T.A.A.T., Khan, M.M., Zahoor, H. and Zaman, K., 2015. Environmental quality indicators and financial development in Malaysia: unity in diversity.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,22(11), pp.8392-8404. Ghazali, M.F., Lean, H.H. and Bahari, Z., 2015. Is gold a good hedge against inflation? empirical evidence in Malaysia.J. Malays. Stud.(Kajian Malaysia),33(1), pp.69-84. Hussin, M.Y.M., Muhammad, F., Abu, M.F. and Awang, S.A., 2012. Macroeconomic variables and Malaysian Islamic stock market: a time series analysis.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,3(4), p.1. Hussin, M.Y.M., Muhammad, F., Abu, M.F. and Awang, S.A., 2012. Macroeconomic variables and Malaysian Islamic stock market: a time series analysis.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,3(4), p.1. Kinuthia, B.K. and Murshed, S.M., 2015. FDI determinants: Kenya and Malaysia compared.Journal of Policy Modeling,37(2), pp.388-400. Leong, L.Y., Hew, T.S., Ooi, K.B. and Lin, B., 2012. The determinants of customer loyalty in Malaysian mobile telecommunication services: a structural analysis.International Journal of Services, Economics and Management,4(3), pp.209-236. Muda, M., Shaharuddin, A. and Embaya, A., 2013. Comparative analysis of profitability determinants of domestic and foreign Islamic banks in Malaysia.International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,3(3), p.559. Ong, T.S. and Chang, Y.S., 2013. Macroeconomic determinants of Malaysian housing market.Journal of Human and Social Science Research,1(2), pp.119-127. Ramli, R., 2012. Inflation, Money Supply And Economic Growth: A Causality Analysis For Malaysia.Malaysia: Department of Statistics. Shaari, M.S., Hussain, N.E. and Abdullah, H., 2012. The effects of oil price shocks and exchange rate volatility on inflation: evidence from Malaysia.International Business Research,5(9), p.106. Tarazi, R.E. and Gallato, C., 2012. Determinants of expected stock returns: Evidence from the Malaysian and Thai Markets.Available at SSRN,2167679. Vejzagic, M. and Zarafat, H., 2013. An Analysis of Macroeconomic Determinants of Commercial Banks Profitability in Malaysia for the Period 1995-2011. Zakaria, Z. and Shamsuddin, S., 2012. Empirical evidence on the relationship between stock market volatility and macroeconomics volatility in Malaysia.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,4(2), p.61 Abduh, M. and Idrees, Y., 2013. Determinants of Islamic banking profitability in Malaysia.Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,7(2), pp.204-210. Alam, A., Azam, M., Abdullah, A.B., Malik, I.A., Khan, A., Hamzah, T.A.A.T., Khan, M.M., Zahoor, H. and Zaman, K., 2015. Environmental quality indicators and financial development in Malaysia: unity in diversity.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,22(11), pp.8392-8404. Ghazali, M.F., Lean, H.H. and Bahari, Z., 2015. Is gold a good hedge against inflation? empirical evidence in Malaysia.J. Malays. Stud.(Kajian Malaysia),33(1), pp.69-84. Hussin, M.Y.M., Muhammad, F., Abu, M.F. and Awang, S.A., 2012. Macroeconomic variables and Malaysian Islamic stock market: a time series analysis.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,3(4), p.1. Kinuthia, B.K. and Murshed, S.M., 2015. FDI determinants: Kenya and Malaysia compared.Journal of Policy Modeling,37(2), pp.388-400. Leong, L.Y., Hew, T.S., Ooi, K.B. and Lin, B., 2012. The determinants of customer loyalty in Malaysian mobile telecommunication services: a structural analysis.International Journal of Services, Economics and Management,4(3), pp.209-236. Muda, M., Shaharuddin, A. and Embaya, A., 2013. Comparative analysis of profitability determinants of domestic and foreign Islamic banks in Malaysia.International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,3(3), p.559. Ong, T.S. and Chang, Y.S., 2013. Macroeconomic determinants of Malaysian housing market.Journal of Human and Social Science Research,1(2), pp.119-127. Ramli, R., 2012. Inflation, Money Supply And Economic Growth: A Causality Analysis For Malaysia.Malaysia: Department of Statistics.Tarazi, R.E. and Gallato, C., 2012. Determinants of expected stock returns: Evidence from the Malaysian and Thai Markets.Available at SSRN,2167679. Shaari, M.S., Hussain, N.E. and Abdullah, H., 2012. The effects of oil price shocks and exchange rate volatility on inflation: evidence from Malaysia.International Business Research,5(9), p.106.