Gypsies During the Holocaust Timeline

Gypsies During the Holocaust Timeline The Gypsies (Roma and Sinti) are one of the forgotten victims of the Holocaust. The Nazis, in their strive, to rid the world of undesirables, targeted both Jews and Gypsies for extermination. Follow the path of persecution to mass slaughter in this timeline of what happened to the Gypsies during the Third Reich. 1899Alfred Dillmann establishes the Central Office for Fighting the Gypsy Nuisance in Munich. This office collected information and fingerprints of Gypsies. 1922Law in Baden requires Gypsies to carry special identification papers. 1926In Bavaria, the Law for the Combating the Gypsies, Travellers, and Work-Shy sent Gypsies over 16 to workhouses for two years if they could not prove regular employment. July 1933Gypsies sterilized under the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. September 1935Gypsies included in the Nuremberg Laws (Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor). July 1936400 Gypsies are rounded up in Bavaria and transported to the Dachau concentration camp. 1936The Racial Hygiene and Population Biology Research Unit of the Ministry of Health at Berlin-Dahlem are established, with Dr. Robert Ritter its director. This office interviewed, measured, studied, photographed, fingerprinted, and examined Gypsies in order to document them and create complete genealogical listings for every Gypsy. 1937Special concentration camps are created for Gypsies (Zigeunerlagers). November 1937Gypsies are excluded from the military. December 14, 1937Law Against Crime orders arrests of those who by anti-social behavior even if they have committed no crime have shown that they do not wish to fit into society. Summer 1938In Germany, 1,500 Gypsy men are sent to Dachau and 440 Gypsy women are sent to Ravensbrà ¼ck. December 8, 1938Heinrich Himmler issues a decree on the Fight Against the Gypsy Menace which states that the Gypsy problem will be treated as a matter of race. June 1939In Austria, a decree orders 2,000 to 3,000 Gypsies to be sent to concentration camps. October 17, 1939Reinhard Heydrich issues the Settlement Edict which prohibits Gypsies from leaving their homes or camping places. January 1940Dr. Ritter reports that Gypsies have mixed with asocials and recommends to have them kept in labor camps and to stop their breeding. January 30, 1940A conference organized by Heydrich in Berlin decides to remove 30,000 Gypsies to Poland. Spring 1940Deportations of Gypsies begins from the Reich to the Generalgouvernment. October 1940Deportation of Gypsies temporarily halted. Fall 1941Thousands of Gypsies murdered at Babi Yar. October to November, 19415,000 Austrian Gypsies, including 2,600 children, deported to the Lodz Ghetto. December 1941Einsatzgruppen D shoots 800 Gypsies in Simferopol (Crimea). January 1942The surviving Gypsies within the Lodz Ghetto are deported to the Chelmno death camp and killed. Summer 1942Probably about this time when decision was made to annihilate the Gypsies.1 October 13, 1942Nine Gypsy representatives appointed to make lists of pure Sinti and Lalleri to be saved. Only three of the nine had completed their lists by the time deportations began. The end result was that the lists didnt matter - Gypsies on the lists were also deported. December 3, 1942Martin Bormann writes to Himmler against the special treatment of pure Gypsies. December 16, 1942Himmler gives the order for all German Gypsies to be sent to Auschwitz. January 29, 1943RSHA announces the regulations for the implementation of deporting Gypsies to Auschwitz. February 1943Family camp for Gypsies constructed in Auschwitz II, section BIIe. February 26, 1943The first transport of Gypsies delivered to the Gypsy Camp in Auschwitz. March 29, 1943Himmler orders all Dutch Gypsies to be sent to Auschwitz. Spring 1944All attempts to save pure Gypsies has been forgotten.2 April 1944Those Gypsies that are fit for work are selected in Auschwitz and sent to other camps. August 2-3, 1944Zigeunernacht (Night of the Gypsies): All Gypsies who remained in Auschwitz were gassed. Notes: 1. Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europes Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1972) 86.2. Kenrick, Destiny 94.

Assureâ€I Mean, Ensureâ€Good Writing

Assure- I Mean, Ensure- Good Writing Assure- I Mean, Ensure- Good Writing Assure- I Mean, Ensure- Good Writing By Mark Nichol Once upon a time, professional and amateur writers alike could count on books and publications to help guide them in writing clearly, coherently, and concisely. They knew that when they opened a book, a magazine, or a newspaper, they could generally be assured that they would find carefully crafted prose that adhered to principles of proper grammar, syntax, and usage and would not only enhance comprehension of the content but also serve as a model for their own effective writing. Unfortunately, that assurance has long since ceased to exist across the board. Over the last quarter-century, socioeconomic forces have eviscerated the editorial infrastructure in the publishing world. Into the late twentieth century, at least most book publishers were assiduous in making sure not only that fiction and nonfiction narratives were well constructed but also that attention was paid to the mechanics of sentence structure. In the periodical world, veteran magazine and newspaper editors passed their skills in telling stories (and finessing them down to the detail of using just the right punctuation for the job with each keystroke) to younger editorial staff members, preserving a tradition of editorial excellence even for niche magazines and small-town papers. Not every publication adhered to such high standards, of course, and objectivity was not always maintained (or sought), but readers usually could count, at least, on being exposed to good, clean writing. Those standards have now eroded, thanks in large part to budget cuts in editorial departments and a deterioration in the informal newsroom mentor-protà ©gà © tradition, in addition to a growing indifference in our society to excellent writing. Some publications keep the bar high, but the general readership is exposed to much mediocre writing in print and online media alike, and sloppy prose from one writer infects other writers like a virus, passing on clichà ©s, errors, and poor habits. One recent example stood out for me- perhaps a persnickety detail, but symptomatic of an erosion of precision in usage that encourages lazy writing. In a local metropolitan newspaper, an editorial about the crisis of homelessness misused assured not once, not twice, but thrice: 1. The city needs to evaluate and track people in homeless programs to assure that they are put in the most suitable settings. 2. San Francisco needs to work together with Oakland and San Jose, which are experiencing their own struggles with homelessness, to assure that they are not merely shifting the burden to one another. 3. It would be a colossal waste of money to make the necessary investments in supportive housing and other services without a commensurate commitment to assure that the people who are offered this array of assistance are no longer afforded the option to flout the law with impunity. Careful writers know that assurance does not occur in isolation; it is given. (One would say, for example, â€Å"I assured them that they are not merely shifting the burden to one another.†) The proper word for this context is ensure. (Insure, meanwhile, is best confined to matters of indemnity.) In popular usage, these words are used interchangeably, and historically, they have not always been employed distinctly even by more erudite writers, but preserving such distinctions helps us maintain a rich, diverse language. I’m all for relaxed, flexible usage in in appropriate contexts, but maintaining a firewall between ensure, insure, and assure, or between eager and anxious or between enormity and enormousness, or any such fraternal twins or triplets, helps writers produce and readers consume high-quality prose. If so many book and periodical (and online) publishers have abandoned their traditional role as standard-bearers for good writing, where does the developing writer (read: every writer) go for guidance? Some publishers still strive to deliver well-written content, and many corporate and organizational websites are impressively edited, but ultimately, the careful writer will consult writing guides such as this site and the many excellent writing manuals available in print and sometimes online. (Search for â€Å"book reviews† on DailyWritingTips.com for recommendations- or cautions.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewAffect vs. Effect